There are More than Four States of Matter Fact
The classical states of matter observable in every day life are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, but there are many other known states of matter.
The elements of the periodic table are arranged by atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), each new element simply has 1 more proton than the last.
This is to say, that atoms, which are formed from the elementary particles and their interactions, differ by proton number. Protons (formed from quarks) attract electrons (leptons). The number of electrons and the charge of electrons dictates which other elements atoms can bind with and thus what geometric patterns elements can form.
All matter in the universe can be understood through chemistry, the particle physics that it’s built on, and the physical laws that govern the interactions. At its core, chemistry is physics.
FACT: Before the modern elements were known, the classical elements of earth, wind, water, and fire were studied under “element theory” and chemistry was called alchemy. Thus, this section also contains outdated element theories that, despite their historic interest, are best classified as pseudoscience.
The classical states of matter observable in every day life are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, but there are many other known states of matter.
Water is continuously mixed and recycled, so the odds are in favor of us sharing at least some molecules of it with Socrates, Jesus, Buddha, or anyone from past eras.
A fluid is any substance that flows, including liquids, gasses, plasmas, and to some extent, even plastic solids like Silly Putty.
On a fundamental level, chemistry can be explained by physics. The atoms that make up the periodic table elements are themselves made of quantum particles.
The Bohr model of the atom (1913), the one that looks like a solar system, has been replaced by the more accurate Quantum Model of the atom since 1927.
Fluoride is a name for several fluorine compounds. Fluoride is good for oral hygiene in small doses, but extremely dangerous and toxic in large doses.
Hot water can freeze faster than cold water, but it does not always do so. This “Mpemba effect” may be related to “supercooling”, but that hasn’t been proven yet.
Aspects of astrology are rooted in the science of astronomy and the academic tradition, but today astrology is considered a pseudoscience.
The standard model of particle physics shows how the elementary particles interact via the four forces to create the physical universe.
As Carl Sagan correctly stated, “we are made from star stuff”. The elements in our body, and everywhere else were transformed by nucleosynthesis in stars.
There are elements we haven’t observed occurring (naturally or in a lab), but we can predict the location and properties of “undiscovered” elements.
All knowledge, all human understanding, can be said to be of four types: physical (empirical), logical (reason), ethical (philosophy in-action), and metaphysical (pure philosophy).
The four “elements” (or “powers”) that form the foundation of government can roughly be expressed as: citizens, executive, legislative, and judicial.
We present a list of vices and virtues and look at vices and virtues as understood by philosophers like Aristotle and Aquinas.
Western Classical Element Theory can be seen as a metaphor the human condition where fire is will and action, air is reason, water is the passions and spirit, and earth is the physical.
Isaac Newton produced many well-known works in math, astronomy, and physics, but he produced about as many unpublished works which dealt with theology, alchemy, and the occult.
We explain the standard model of particle physics in simple terms for non-experts using videos, facts, and bullet points.
Plato’s Republic attempts to define “justice”, show why we should be just, and relate this to an ideal form of government which best fosters justice in the State and Soul.
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